Hypothyroidism

Overview

5%

Estimated percentage of adults over 60 living with hypothyroidism (Endocrine Society, 2024).

8:1

Ratio of women to men affected by hypothyroidism.

99% treatment success

With proper medication, most people achieve normal thyroid hormone levels.

In plain language

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism. It can cause fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold. The condition becomes more common with age, especially among women, and can be easily managed with medication and regular monitoring.

Hypothyroidism, sometimes called an underactive thyroid, happens when the thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones help control metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. In older adults, symptoms often develop slowly and may be mistaken for signs of aging, such as low energy or forgetfulness. The most common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition in which the body attacks its own thyroid. Other causes include certain medications, iodine deficiency, or prior thyroid surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment with hormone replacement therapy can restore energy, support heart and brain health, and improve overall well-being.

Key Information

Review the most relevant symptoms, risk factors, and common care approaches in one place.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition, including:

Age: Risk rises steadily after age 60, especially in women.
Gender: Women are more likely to develop thyroid disease than men.
Autoimmune disorders: Conditions like Hashimoto’s disease increase risk.
Family history: Thyroid problems in relatives can signal genetic predisposition.
Iodine intake: Too little or too much iodine can affect thyroid function.
Medications: Some treatments for heart disease or depression may slow thyroid activity.
Radiation exposure: Past radiation therapy to the neck can affect the thyroid gland.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary but often include:

Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or sluggish.
Weight gain: Unexplained weight increase despite no change in diet. Cold intolerance: Feeling unusually cold even in warm conditions.
Dry skin and hair: Brittle nails, thinning hair, or dry skin.
Constipation: Slower digestion due to reduced metabolism.
Depression or forgetfulness: Subtle mood or memory changes.
Slow heart rate: A pulse lower than normal for age.